Kurdish parties

Ehwen Çiyako, a member of the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), has issued a call for a joint struggle. The appeal, reported by the news agency ANF, urges coordinated action, in line with the group's broader activism concerning Kurdish rights in the region. Further details about the intended audience or specific aims of the call were not provided.

Iraqi Kurdish Peshmerga forces are working to unify into a single national force following the US withdrawal. The effort aims to overcome long-running disputes between the region's ruling parties, which have historically maintained separate armed units, and to create a more stable, centralized military structure for the Kurdistan region. Observers are watching whether the parties can set aside rivalries to complete the unification.

Iraq's Kurdish Peshmerga forces are entering a new phase following the US withdrawal, with efforts under way to unify the force under a single national command. The push aims to overcome long-standing disputes between the Kurdistan Democratic Party and the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, whose separate units have historically divided the Peshmerga, and to establish a stable, integrated force for the region's future.

Legal commentators are examining Iran's strikes on Kurdish opposition parties based in Iraq, arguing the strikes highlight the unenforceability of the customary international law principle of distinction and the wider structural inequality in international humanitarian law. The discussion suggests weaker states and non-state groups face accountability standards that powerful states can evade, prompting debate over whether IHL rules apply equally in practice.