electron microscopy

EPR pulsed dipolar spectroscopy is being highlighted as a tool for structural biology. The technique measures distances between spin labels in proteins and other biomolecules, allowing researchers to map structures that are difficult to study by conventional methods such as X-ray crystallography or cryo-electron microscopy. Coverage so far is limited, and little detail has been provided beyond the technique's application to structural biology research.

The 1986 Nobel Prize in Physics is being revisited for honouring the breakthrough that let scientists see individual atoms using electrons. The work established electron-based imaging as a foundation of modern microscopy and materials science, allowing researchers to observe atomic structure directly rather than inferring it.